Ukwandisa amandla eenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi, iiyunithi ezikhethekileyo - i-turbocharger - zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi.Funda malunga nokuba yintoni i-turbocharger, zeziphi iintlobo ezi yunithi, zicwangciswe njani kwaye yeyiphi imigaqo esekelwe kuyo umsebenzi wabo, kunye nokugcinwa kwazo kunye nokulungiswa, kwinqaku.
Yintoni i-turbocharger?
I-turbocharger iyona nxalenye ephambili yenkqubo ye-aggregate pressurization yeenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi, iyunithi yokunyusa uxinzelelo kwindlela yokungena ye-injini ngenxa yamandla eegesi zokukhupha.
I-turbocharger isetyenziselwa ukunyusa amandla enjini yokutsha yangaphakathi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okukhulu kuyilo lwayo.Le yunithi ikwandisa uxinzelelo kwi-injini yokungenisa i-injini, inika inani elongezelelweyo lomxube we-fuel-air kumagumbi okutsha.Kule meko, ukutsha kwenzeka kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunye nokwakhiwa komthamo omkhulu weegesi, okukhokelela ekunyuseni koxinzelelo kwipiston kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukunyuka kwe-torque kunye neempawu zamandla enjini.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-turbocharger kukuvumela ukuba ukwandise amandla e-injini nge-20-50% ngokunyuka okuncinci kweendleko zayo (kunye nokuguqulwa okubalulekileyo, ukukhula kwamandla kunokufikelela kwi-100-120%).Ngenxa yokulula kwabo, ukuthembeka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, iinkqubo ze-turbocharger-based pressurization zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuzo zonke iintlobo zeenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi.
Iintlobo kunye neempawu zee-turbocharger
Namhlanje, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zee-turbochargers, kodwa zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamaqela ngokwenjongo yazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo, uhlobo lwe-turbine esetyenzisiweyo kunye nokusebenza okongeziweyo.
Ngokwenjongo, ii-turbocharger zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezininzi:
• Kwiinkqubo zoxinzelelo lwenqanaba elinye - i-turbocharger enye nge-injini nganye, okanye iiyunithi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezisebenza kwiisilinda ezininzi;
•Kuluhlu kunye neenkqubo ezihambelana nokunyuka kwamaxabiso (iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeTwin Turbo) - iiyunithi ezimbini ezifanayo okanye ezahlukeneyo ezisebenza kwiqela eliqhelekileyo leesilinda;
• Kwiinkqubo zoxinzelelo lwenqanaba ezibini, kukho ii-turbocharger ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo, ezisebenza ngababini (ngokulandelelanayo emva kwenye) kwiqela elinye leesilinda.
Ezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu ziinkqubo zoxinzelelo lwenqanaba elinye ezakhiwe ngokwesiseko se-turbocharger enye.Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo enjalo inokuba neeyunithi ezimbini okanye ezine ezifanayo-umzekelo, kwii-injini ezinobumba obu-V, ii-turbocharger ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziselwa umqolo ngamnye weesilinda, kwii-injini ezininzi ze-cylinder (ngaphezu kwe-8) ii-turbocharger ezine zingasetyenziswa, nganye kuzo. esebenza kwi-2, 4 okanye ngaphezulu kweesilinda.Okungaxhaphakanga kakhulu ziinkqubo zoxinzelelo lwenqanaba ezibini kunye neenguqu ezahlukeneyo zeTwin-Turbo, zisebenzisa ii-turbocharger ezimbini ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo ezinokusebenza ngababini kuphela.
Ngokusebenza, ii-turbocharger zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amaninzi:
• Ngohlobo lwenjini - yepetroli, idizili kunye neeyunithi zamandla egesi;
• Ngokumalunga nomthamo wenjini kunye namandla - kwiiyunithi zamandla amancinci, aphakathi kunye namandla aphezulu;kwiinjini zesantya esiphezulu, njl.
I-Turbocharger inokuxhotyiswa ngenye yeentlobo ezimbini zeinjini yomoya:
• I-Radial (i-radial-axial, i-centripetal) - ukuhamba kweegesi ze-exhaust zondliwa kwi-periphery ye-impeller ye-turbine, ihambela embindini wayo kwaye ikhutshwe kwicala le-axial;
• I-Axial - ukuhamba kweegesi zombhobho kunikezelwa nge-axis (ukuya embindini) ye-impeller ye-injini yomoya kwaye iyakhutshwa kumda wayo.
Namhlanje, zombini izikimu zisetyenziswa, kodwa kwiinjini ezincinci unokufumana ii-turbocharger ezine-radial-axial turbine, kunye neeyunithi zamandla ezinamandla, ii-axial turbines zikhethwa (nangona lo mthetho ungekho).Kungakhathaliseki ukuba luhlobo luni lwe-turbine, zonke ii-turbochargers zixhotyiswe nge-compressor ye-centrifugal - kuyo umoya unikezelwa kumbindi we-impeller kwaye ususwe kwi-periphery yayo.
Ii-turbocharger zanamhlanje zinokusebenza okwahlukileyo:
• I-double inlet - i-turbine ineempembelelo ezimbini, nganye kuzo ifumana i-exhaust gases kwiqela elinye leesilinda, esi sisombululo sinciphisa ukuhla koxinzelelo kwinkqubo kwaye siphucula ukuzinza kokunyusa;
• I-geometry eguquguqukayo - i-turbine inamacangca ahambayo okanye i-ring sliding, apho unokutshintsha ukuhamba kweegesi zokukhupha kwi-impeller, oku kukuvumela ukuba utshintshe iimpawu ze-turbocharger ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela yokusebenza kwe-injini.
Ekugqibeleni, ii-turbocharger ziyahluka kwiimpawu zazo zokusebenza ezisisiseko kunye nobuchule.Kwiimpawu eziphambili zezi yunithi kufuneka zigxininiswe:
• Iqondo lokunyuka kwengcinezelo - umlinganiselo woxinzelelo lomoya ekuphumeni kwe-compressor kuxinzelelo lomoya kwi-inlet, ilele kuluhlu lwe-1.5-3;
• Ukunikezelwa kwe-compressor (ukuhamba komoya nge-compressor) - ubunzima bomoya odlula kwi-compressor ngeyunithi yexesha (yesibini) ilele kuluhlu lwe-0.5-2 kg / s;
• Uluhlu lwesantya sokusebenza lususela kumakhulu aliqela (kwimizila yedizili enamandla, imizi-mveliso kunye nezinye iinjini zedizili) ukuya kumashumi amawaka (kwiinjini ezinyanzeliswayo zale mihla) iirevolutions ngomzuzwana.Esona santya siphezulu silinganiselwe ngamandla einjini yeinjini yomoya kunye necompressor impellers, ukuba isantya sokujikeleza siphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yemikhosi ye-centrifugal, ivili lingawa.Kwii-turbocharger zanamhlanje, iindawo ezijikelezayo zamavili zinokujikeleza ngesantya se-500-600 okanye ngaphezulu kwe-m / s, oko kukuthi, amaxesha angama-1.5-2 ngokukhawuleza kunesantya sesandi, oku kubangela ukwenzeka kwempempe ye-injini yomoya;
• Iqondo lokushisa elisebenzayo / eliphezulu leegesi zokukhupha kwi-inlet kwi-injini yomoya ilele kuluhlu lwama-650-700 ° C, kwezinye iimeko lufikelela kwi-1000 ° C;
• Ukusebenza kakuhle kweiturbine/compressor kudla ngokuba yi-0.7-0.8, kwiyunithi enye ukusebenza kweiturbine kuqhele ukuba ngaphantsi kobuchule besicinezeli.
Kwakhona, iiyunithi zihluke ngobukhulu, uhlobo lofakelo, isidingo sokusebenzisa amacandelo ancedisayo, njl.
Uyilo lweTurbocharger
Ngokubanzi, i-turbocharger iqulathe amacandelo amathathu aphambili:
1.Iijini;
2.ICompressor;
3.Izindlu zokuthwala (izindlu ezingundoqo).
Umzobo oqhelekileyo we-injini yokutshisa yangaphakathi inkqubo yoxinzelelo lomoya
I-turbine yiyunithi eguqula amandla e-kinetic ye-exhaust gases ibe yi-mechanical energy (kwi-torque yevili), eqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-compressor.Icompressor yiyunithi yokumpompa umoya.Izindlu ezithweleyo zidibanisa zombini iiyunithi kwisakhiwo esisodwa, kwaye i-rotor shaft ekhoyo kuyo iqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-torque ukusuka kwivili le-turbine ukuya kwivili le-compressor.
icandelo leTurbocharger
Iturbine kunye necompressor zinoyilo olufanayo.Isiseko sale yunithi nganye yi-cochlear body, kwi-peripheral kunye neendawo eziphambili apho kukho imibhobho yokudibanisa kwinkqubo yoxinzelelo.Kwi-compressor, umbhobho wokungena uhlala uphakathi, i-exhaust (ukukhutshwa) kwi-periphery.Ulungelelwaniso olufanayo lwemibhobho yee-axial turbines, kwii-radial-axial turbines, indawo yemibhobho ichasene (kwi-periphery - intake, in the center - exhaust).
Ngaphakathi kwecala kukho ivili elinamacangca emo ekhethekileyo.Omabini amavili - i-turbine kunye ne-compressor - abanjwe yi-shaft eqhelekileyo edlula kwizindlu zokuthwala.Amavili aqinile-aphoswe okanye ahlanganisiweyo, imilo yee-blades zevili le-turbine iqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwamandla egesi ephumayo, imilo yamavili e-compressor wheel inika umphumo ophezulu we-centrifugal.Ii-turbines zanamhlanje eziphakamileyo zingasebenzisa amavili adibeneyo kunye namacwecwe e-ceramic, anobunzima obuphantsi kunye nokusebenza okungcono.Ubungakanani bamavili eenjini ze-turbocharger yi-50-180 mm, i-locomotive enamandla, i-industrial kunye nezinye iinjini ze-diesel ziyi-220-500 mm okanye ngaphezulu.
Zombini ezi zindlu zixhonywe kwizindlu zokuthwala ezineebholiti ngamatywina.Iibheringi ezicacileyo (ezingaphantsi rhoqo ziqengqeleka iibheringi zoyilo olukhethekileyo) kunye namakhonkco e-O abekwe apha.Kwakhona kwindlu ephakathi kukho iziteshi zeoyile zokuthambisa iibheringi kunye ne-shaft, kwaye kwezinye ii-turbocharger kunye nomgodi wejacket yokupholisa amanzi.Ngexesha lofakelo, iyunithi idityaniswe kwi-injini yokuthambisa kunye neenkqubo zokupholisa.
Amacandelo ancedisayo ahlukeneyo anokunikezelwa kuyilo lwe-turbocharger, kubandakanywa neengxenye zenkqubo yokubuyisela i-gas exhaust, ii-valve ze-oyile, izinto zokuphucula ukuthanjiswa kwamalungu kunye nokupholisa kwazo, iivalve zokulawula, njl.
Amacandelo e-Turbocharger ayenziwe ngamabakala akhethekileyo ensimbi, iintsimbi ezikwazi ukumelana nobushushu zisetyenziselwa ivili le-turbine.Izinto eziphathekayo zikhethwe ngokucophelela ngokwe-coefficient yokwandiswa kwe-thermal, eqinisekisa ukuthembeka koyilo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza.
I-turbocharger ifakwe kwinkqubo yoxinzelelo lomoya, ekwabandakanya ukungena kunye nokukhupha amaninzi, kunye neenkqubo ezinzima kakhulu - i-intercooler (i-radiator yokupholisa umoya), iivalve ezahlukeneyo, izinzwa, iidampers kunye nemibhobho.
Umgaqo wokusebenza kwe-turbocharger
Ukusebenza kwe-turbocharger kuhla kwimigaqo elula.I-turbine yeyunithi ifakwe kwi-exhaust system ye-injini, i-compressor - kwi-intake tract.Ngexesha lokusebenza kwe-injini, i-exhaust gases ingena kwi-injini yomoya, ibethe iintsimbi zevili, inike amandla ayo e-kinetic kwaye ibangele ukuba ijikeleze.I-torque esuka kwi-injini yomoya idluliselwa ngokuthe ngqo kumavili e-compressor nge-shaft.Xa ujikeleza, ivili le-compressor liphosa umoya kwi-periphery, linyusa uxinzelelo lwayo - lo moya unikezelwa kwi-manifold intake.
I-turbocharger enye inenani lezinto ezingalunganga, eyona nto iphambili kukulibaziseka kwe-turbo okanye i-turbo pit.Amavili eyunithi anobunzima kunye ne-inertia, ngoko ke abakwazi ukujikeleza ngokukhawuleza xa isantya seyunithi yamandla sinyuka.Ngoko ke, xa ucofa i-pedal yegesi ngokukhawuleza, i-injini ye-turbocharged ayikhawulezi ngokukhawuleza - kukho ikhefu elifutshane, ukusilela kwamandla.Isisombululo sale ngxaki ziinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokulawula ii-turbine, ii-turbocharger ezinejometri eguquguqukayo, i-series-parallel kunye ne-inqanaba ezimbini ze-pressurization systems, kunye nabanye.
Umgaqo wokusebenza kwe-turbocharger
Imiba yokugcinwa kunye nokulungiswa kwee-turbocharger
I-turbocharger idinga ukulungiswa okuncinci.Into ephambili kukutshintsha i-oyile ye-injini kunye ne-oyile yokucoca ngexesha.Ukuba i-injini isenokuthi isebenze kwi-oyile endala kangangexesha elithile, ngoko inokuba yingozi kwi-turbocharger - nokuba ukuwohloka okuncinci kumgangatho we-lubricant kwimithwalo ephezulu kunokukhokelela kwi-jamming kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweyunithi.Kukwacetyiswa ukuba ngamaxesha athile uhlambulule iinxalenye ze-turbine kwi-carbon deposits, efuna ukuchithwa kwayo, kodwa lo msebenzi kufuneka wenziwe kuphela ngokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye nezixhobo.
I-turbocharger engalunganga kwiimeko ezininzi kulula ukuyibuyisela kunokulungisa.Ukutshintshwa, kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa iyunithi yohlobo olufanayo kunye nemodeli efakwe kwi-injini ngaphambili.Ukufakwa kwe-turbocharger kunye nezinye iimpawu kunokuphazamisa ukusebenza kweyunithi yamandla.Kungcono ukuthemba ukhetho, ukufakwa kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweyunithi kwiingcali - oku kuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa okuchanekileyo komsebenzi kunye nokusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwe-injini.Ngokutshintshwa okuchanekileyo kwe-turbocharger, injini iya kuphinda ifumane amandla aphezulu kwaye iya kukwazi ukusombulula eyona misebenzi inzima.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-21-2023