Ukwandisa amandla ezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, amayunithi akhethekile - ama-turbocharger - asetshenziswa kabanzi.Funda ngokuthi iyini i-turbocharger, izinhlobo ezinjani lawa mayunithi, ahlelwa kanjani nokuthi umsebenzi wawo usekelwe kuziphi izimiso, kanye nokugcinwa nokulungisa kwawo, esihlokweni.
Iyini i-turbocharger?
I-turbocharger iyingxenye eyinhloko yesistimu ye-pressurization ehlanganisiwe yezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, iyunithi yokwandisa ingcindezi epheshaneni lokudonsa lenjini ngenxa yamandla amagesi aphumayo.
I-turbocharger isetshenziselwa ukukhulisa amandla enjini evuthayo yangaphakathi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okukhulu ekwakhiweni kwayo.Le yunithi inyusa ingcindezi epheshaneni lokungenisa injini, inikeze inani elengeziwe lengxube ye-fuel-air emakamelweni avuthayo.Kulokhu, ukushisa kwenzeka ekushiseni okuphezulu ngokwakhiwa kwevolumu enkulu yamagesi, okuholela ekwandeni kwengcindezi ku-piston futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ekwandeni kwe-torque kanye nezici zamandla enjini.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-turbocharger kukuvumela ukuthi ukhulise amandla enjini ngo-20-50% ngokukhuphuka okuncane kwezindleko zayo (futhi ngokuguqulwa okuphawulekayo, ukukhula kwamandla kungafinyelela ku-100-120%).Ngenxa yobulula bazo, ukwethembeka nokusebenza kahle, izinhlelo ze-pressurization ezisekelwe ku-turbocharger zisetshenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimoto zenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi.
Izinhlobo nezici zama-turbocharger
Namuhla, kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zama-turbocharger, kodwa angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ngokuvumelana nenhloso yawo nokusebenza kwawo, uhlobo lwe-turbine esetshenzisiwe kanye nokusebenza okwengeziwe.
Ngokusho kwenhloso, ama-turbocharger angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningana:
• Kuzinhlelo ze-pressurization zesiteji esisodwa - i-turbocharger eyodwa ngenjini ngayinye, noma amayunithi amabili noma ngaphezulu asebenza kumasilinda amaningana;
•Okwamasistimu ochungechunge nama-series-parallel inflation (izinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-Twin Turbo) - amayunithi amabili afanayo noma ahlukene asebenza eqenjini elivamile lamasilinda;
• Kuzinhlelo ze-pressurization zezigaba ezimbili, kukhona ama-turbocharger anezici ezihlukene, asebenza ngamabili (ngokulandelana ngokulandelana) eqenjini elilodwa lamasilinda.
Okusetshenziswa kakhulu izinhlelo ze-pressurization zesiteji esisodwa ezakhiwe ngesisekelo se-turbocharger eyodwa.Kodwa-ke, uhlelo olunjalo lungaba namayunithi amabili noma amane afanayo - ngokwesibonelo, ezinjinini ezimise okwe-V, ama-turbocharger ahlukene asetshenziselwa umugqa ngamunye wamasilinda, ezinjinini ezinamasilinda amaningi (ngaphezu kuka-8) angasetshenziswa ama-turbocharger amane, ngalinye lawo. esebenza kumasilinda angu-2, 4 noma ngaphezulu.Okungavamile kakhulu amasistimu okucindezela ezigaba ezimbili kanye nokuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene kwe-Twin-Turbo, zisebenzisa ama-turbocharger amabili anezici ezihlukile ezingasebenza ngamabhangqa kuphela.
Ngokusho kokusebenza, ama-turbocharger angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amaningana:
• Ngohlobo lwenjini - yamayunithi kaphethiloli, udizili kanye negesi;
• Ngokuphathelene nomthamo wenjini namandla - kumayunithi wamandla wamandla amancane, aphakathi nendawo naphezulu;ngezinjini ezinesivinini esikhulu, njll.
Ama-Turbocharger angafakwa ngezinhlobo ezimbili ze-turbine:
• I-Radial (i-radial-axial, i-centripetal) - ukugeleza kwamagesi e-exhaust kunikezwa ku-periphery ye-impeller ye-turbine, ithuthela enkabeni yayo futhi ikhishwe ku-axial direction;
• I-Axial - ukugeleza kwamagesi e-exhaust kunikezwa ku-axis (kuya maphakathi) ye-impeller ye-turbine futhi ikhishwa endaweni yayo.
Namuhla, zombili izikimu ziyasetshenziswa, kodwa ezinjinini ezincane ngokuvamile ungathola turbocharger nge turbine radial-axial, futhi kumayunithi amandla anamandla, axial turbines zithandwa (nakuba lokhu akuwona umthetho).Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni lwe-turbine, wonke ama-turbocharger afakwe i-compressor ye-centrifugal - kuyo umoya unikezwa phakathi nendawo ye-impeller futhi isuswe endaweni yayo.
Ama-turbocharger esimanje angaba nokusebenza okuhlukile:
• I-double inlet - i-turbine inezimbobo ezimbili, ngayinye yazo ithola amagesi e-exhaust eqenjini elilodwa lamasilinda, lesi sixazululo sinciphisa ukwehla kokucindezela ohlelweni futhi sithuthukise ukuzinza kwe-boost;
• I-geometry eguquguqukayo - i-turbine inama-blade ahambayo noma indandatho eslayidayo, ongashintsha ngayo ukugeleza kwamagesi okukhipha umoya ku-impeller, lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ushintshe izici ze-turbocharger ngokuya ngemodi yokusebenza kwenjini.
Okokugcina, ama-turbocharger ayahluka ezicini zawo zokusebenza eziyisisekelo namandla.Ezicini eziyinhloko zalawa mayunithi kufanele zigqanyiswe:
• Izinga lokukhuphuka kwengcindezi - isilinganiso sokucindezela komoya ekuphumeni kwe-compressor kuya kumfutho womoya endaweni yokungena, ilele ebangeni le-1.5-3;
• Ukunikezwa kwe-Compressor (ukugeleza komoya nge-compressor) - isisindo somoya odlula ku-compressor ngeyunithi yesikhathi (yesibili) lisebangeni lika-0.5-2 kg / s;
• Ibanga lesivinini sokusebenza lisukela kumakhulu amaningana (izitimela zedizili ezinamandla, izinjini zezimboni nezinye zikadizili) kuya emashumini ezinkulungwane (ngezinjini zesimanje eziphoqelelwe) ukuguquka ngomzuzwana.Isivinini esikhulu sinqunyelwe amandla eturbine kanye nama-compressor impellers, uma isivinini sokujikeleza siphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yamandla e-centrifugal, isondo lingawa.Kuma-turbocharger anamuhla, amaphuzu azungezile amasondo angajikeleza ngesivinini esingu-500-600 noma ngaphezulu m / s, okungukuthi, izikhathi ezingu-1.5-2 ngokushesha kunejubane lomsindo, lokhu kubangela ukuvela kwe-whistle yesici se-turbine;
• Izinga lokushisa elisebenzayo/eliphezulu lamagesi okukhipha umoya endaweni yokungena ku-turbine ilele ebangeni lika-650-700 ° C, kwezinye izimo lifinyelela ku-1000 ° C;
• Ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine/compressor kuvamise ukuba ngu-0.7-0.8, kuyunithi eyodwa ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine ngokuvamile kungaphansi kokusebenza kahle kwe-compressor.
Futhi, amayunithi ahluke ngobukhulu, uhlobo lokufakwa, isidingo sokusebenzisa izingxenye ezisizayo, njll.
Idizayini ye-Turbocharger
Ngokuvamile, i-turbocharger iqukethe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:
1.Injini yomoya;
2.I-Compressor;
3.Izindlu ezithwalayo (izindlu ezimaphakathi).
Umdwebo ojwayelekile wesistimu yokucindezela komoya yangaphakathi yenjini evuthayo
I-turbine iyiyunithi eguqula amandla e-kinetic wegesi ephumayo ibe amandla omshini (ku-torque yesondo), okuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-compressor.I-compressor iyiyunithi yokumpompa umoya.Izindlu ezithwalayo zixhuma womabili amayunithi esakhiweni esisodwa, futhi i-rotor shaft etholakala kuyo iqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwe-torque kusuka esondweni le-turbine kuya esondweni le-compressor.
Isigaba se-Turbocharger
I-turbine ne-compressor inomklamo ofanayo.Isisekelo seyunithi ngayinye yalawa mayunithi singumzimba we-cochlear, ezingxenyeni ezizungezile nezimaphakathi lapho kukhona amapayipi okuxhuma ohlelweni lwe-pressurization.Ku-compressor, ipayipi lokungena lihlala liphakathi nendawo, ukukhipha (ukukhipha) ku-periphery.Ukuhlelwa okufanayo kwamapayipi ama-axial turbines, ama-radial-axial turbines, indawo yamapayipi iphambene (emkhawulweni - ukungenisa, phakathi nendawo - ukuphuma).
Ngaphakathi kwekesi kunesondo elinama-blade alomumo okhethekile.Womabili amasondo - i-turbine ne-compressor - aphethwe yi-shaft evamile edlula endlini yokuthwala.Amasondo aqinile-aphonswe noma ahlanganisiwe, ukwakheka kwamasondo amasondo e-turbine kuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kahle kakhulu kwamandla kagesi okukhipha amandla, ukwakheka kwamasondo e-compressor wheel kunikeza umphumela omkhulu we-centrifugal.Ama-turbines anamuhla aphezulu angasebenzisa amasondo ahlanganisiwe anama-ceramic blades, anesisindo esincane futhi asebenza kangcono.Ubukhulu amasondo turbocharger izinjini zezimoto - 50-180 mm, injini enamandla, izimboni kanye nezinye injini diesel - 220-500 mm noma ngaphezulu.
Zombili lezi zindlu zibekwe phezu kwezindlu ezithwalayo ezinamabhawudi ngokusebenzisa izimpawu.Ama-bearings angenalutho (ama-bearings angavamile ukugoqa we-design ekhethekile) nama-O-rings atholakala lapha.Futhi ezindlini ezimaphakathi kukhona iziteshi zikawoyela zokugcoba ama-bearings kanye ne-shaft, nakwamanye ama-turbocharger kanye nomgodi wejazi lokupholisa amanzi.Ngesikhathi sokufakwa, iyunithi ixhunywe ku-lubrication yenjini kanye nezinhlelo zokupholisa.
Izingxenye ezisizayo ezahlukahlukene zingabuye zinikezwe ekwakhiweni kwe-turbocharger, kufaka phakathi izingxenye zesistimu yokukhipha igesi ephumayo, ama-valve kawoyela, izakhi zokuthuthukisa ukugcotshwa kwezingxenye nokupholisa kwazo, ama-valve okulawula, njll.
Izingxenye ze-Turbocharger zenziwe ngamamaki ensimbi akhethekile, izinsimbi ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa zisetshenziselwa isondo le-turbine.Izinto ezibonakalayo zikhethwe ngokucophelela ngokusho kwe-coefficient yokwanda okushisayo, okuqinisekisa ukuthembeka komklamo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusebenza.
I-turbocharger ifakwe ohlelweni lokucindezelwa komoya, oluhlanganisa nokudonsa nokukhipha okuningi, futhi ezinhlelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi - i-intercooler (i-radiator yokupholisa umoya), ama-valve ahlukahlukene, izinzwa, ama-dampers namapayipi.
Umgomo wokusebenza kwe-turbocharger
Ukusebenza kwe-turbocharger kwehlela ezimisweni ezilula.I-turbine yeyunithi yethulwa ohlelweni lwe-exhaust lwenjini, i-compressor - emgudwini wokungenisa.Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwenjini, amagesi akhipha umoya angena ku-turbine, ashaye amasondo amasondo, ayinike amandla ayo ekinetic futhi ayenze ijikeleze.I-torque esuka ku-turbine idluliselwa ngokuqondile emasondweni e-compressor nge-shaft.Lapho ijikeleza, isondo le-compressor liphonsa umoya endaweni ezungezile, likhulise ukucindezela kwalo - lo moya unikezwa ku-multifold intake.
I-turbocharger eyodwa inenani lokungalungi, okuyinhloko okuwukubambezeleka kwe-turbo noma umgodi we-turbo.Amasondo eyunithi anobunzima kanye ne-inertia ethile, ngakho awakwazi ukuphenduka ngokushesha lapho isivinini seyunithi yamandla sikhuphuka.Ngakho-ke, uma ucindezela i-gas pedal ngokucijile, injini ye-turbocharged ayisheshi ngokushesha - kukhona ikhefu elifushane, ukwehluleka kwamandla.Isixazululo sale nkinga yizinhlelo ezikhethekile zokulawula ama-turbine, ama-turbocharger anejiyomethri eguquguqukayo, uchungechunge-parallel kanye nezinhlelo zokucindezela izigaba ezimbili, nezinye.
Umgomo wokusebenza kwe-turbocharger
Izinkinga zokugcinwa nokulungiswa kwama-turbocharger
I-turbocharger idinga ukulungiswa okuncane.Into esemqoka ukushintsha uwoyela wenjini kanye nesihlungi samafutha ngesikhathi.Uma injini isakwazi ukusebenzisa amafutha amadala isikhathi esithile, khona-ke ingaba yingozi ku-turbocharger - ngisho nokuwohloka okuncane kwekhwalithi ye-lubricant emithwalweni ephezulu kungaholela ekugxumeni nasekubhujisweni kweyunithi.Kunconywa futhi ukuhlanza ngezikhathi ezithile izingxenye ze-turbine kusuka ku-carbon deposits, okudinga ukuchithwa kwayo, kodwa lo msebenzi kufanele wenziwe kuphela ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi akhethekile nemishini.
I-turbocharger enephutha ezimweni eziningi kulula ukuyishintsha kunokukhandwa.Ukuze kufakwe esikhundleni, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa iyunithi yohlobo olufanayo nemodeli efakwe ngaphambili enjini.Ukufakwa kwe-turbocharger enezinye izici kungase kuphazamise ukusebenza kweyunithi yamandla.Kungcono ukwethemba ukukhethwa, ukufakwa nokulungiswa kweyunithi kochwepheshe - lokhu kuqinisekisa ukwenziwa komsebenzi okulungile nokusebenza okujwayelekile kwenjini.Ngokushintshwa okulungile kwe-turbocharger, injini izothola amandla aphezulu futhi izokwazi ukuxazulula imisebenzi enzima kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-21-2023