I-anti-lock braking system (ABS) igada amapharamitha wokuhamba kwemoto ngokufundwa kwezinzwa ezifakwe esondweni elilodwa noma ngaphezulu.Funda mayelana nokuthi iyini inzwa ye-ABS nokuthi kungani idingeka, iziphi izinhlobo, ukuthi isebenza kanjani nokuthi umsebenzi wayo usekelwe kuziphi izimiso - thola kulesi sihloko.
Iyini inzwa ye-ABS
Inzwa ye-ABS (futhi inzwa yesivinini sezimoto, i-DSA) iyinzwa engathinteki yejubane lokuzungeza (noma isivinini) sesondo lezimoto ezifakwe amasistimu okuphepha asebenzayo e-elekthronikhi kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ezisizayo.Izinzwa zesivinini yizona zingxenye ezisemqoka zokukala eziqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-anti-lock braking system (ABS), stability control system (ESC) kanye nokulawula ukudonsa.Futhi, ukufundwa kwezinzwa kusetshenziswa kwezinye izinhlelo zokulawula ukudlulisa okuzenzakalelayo, izilinganiso zengcindezi yamathayi, ukukhanya okuguquguqukayo nokunye.
Zonke izimoto zesimanje kanye nezinye izimoto eziningi ezinamasondo zifakwe izinzwa zejubane.Ezimotweni zabagibeli, izinzwa zifakwe esondweni ngalinye, ezimotweni zezentengiselwano namaloli, izinzwa zingafakwa womabili kuwo wonke amasondo kanye nokuhluka kwe-axle yokushayela (eyodwa nge-axle ngayinye).Ngakho-ke, ama-anti-lock braking systems angakwazi ukuqapha isimo sawo wonke amasondo noma amasondo ama-axles okushayela, futhi ngokusekelwe kulolu lwazi, enze izinguquko ekusebenzeni kwesistimu yokubhuleka.
Izinhlobo zezinzwa ze-ABS
Wonke ama-DSA akhona ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu:
• I-Passive - inductive;
• Iyasebenza — i-magnetoresistive futhi isekelwe kuzinzwa zaseHholo.
Izinzwa ze-Passive azidingi ukunikezwa kwamandla kwangaphandle futhi zinomklamo olula, kodwa zinokunemba okuphansi kanye nenani lezinkinga, ngakho-ke namuhla azisebenzi kancane.Izinzwa ze-ABS ezisebenzayo zidinga amandla ukuze zisebenze, ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuklama futhi zibiza kakhulu, kodwa zinikeza ukufundwa okunembe kakhulu futhi zinokwethenjelwa ekusebenzeni.Ngakho-ke, namuhla izinzwa ezisebenzayo zifakwe ezimotweni eziningi.
I-DSA yazo zonke izinhlobo inezinguqulo ezimbili:
• Iqonde (ekugcineni);
•Ikhona.
Izinzwa eziqondile zinesimo se-cylinder noma induku, ekugcineni lapho into yokuzwa ifakiwe, ngakolunye - isixhumi noma ucingo olunesixhumi.Izinzwa ze-engeli zifakwe isixhumi se-angular noma ucingo olunesixhumi, futhi zinepulasitiki noma ibakaki lensimbi elinembobo yebhawodi.
Ukuklama nokusebenza kwezinzwa ze-ABS inductive
Lena inzwa yesivinini elula kakhulu ekwakhiweni nasekusebenzeni.Isekelwe esilondeni se-inductor esinocingo oluncane lwethusi, ngaphakathi kulo okukhona unozibuthe onamandla aqinile kanye nensimbi kazibuthe.Isiphetho sekhoyili enomgogodla ozibuthe sitholakala maqondana nesondo legiya lensimbi (i-pulse rotor), efakwe ngokuqinile kuhabhu lamasondo.Amazinyo e-rotor anephrofayili engunxande, ibanga phakathi kwamazinyo lilingana noma likhulu kancane kunobubanzi bawo.
Ukusebenza kwale nzwa kusekelwe kwinto yokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic.Ekuphumuleni, akukho okwamanje ku-coil yenzwa, ngoba izungezwe insimu yamagnetic njalo - akukho siginali ekuphumeni kwenzwa.Ngenkathi imoto ihamba, amazinyo e-pulse rotor adlula eduze komnyombo kazibuthe wenzwa, okuholela ekushintsheni kwenkundla kazibuthe edlula ikhoyili.Ngenxa yalokho, inkambu kazibuthe iba ngokushintshana, okuthi, ngokomthetho wokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic, ikhiqize amandla ashintshayo kukhoyili.Lokhu kwamanje kuyahlukahluka ngokomthetho we-sine, futhi imvamisa yoshintsho lwamanje incike ngesivinini sokujikeleza kwe-rotor, okungukuthi, ngesivinini semoto.
Izinzwa zejubane eziguquguqukayo zinezihibe ezibalulekile - ziqala ukusebenza kuphela uma isivinini esithile sinqotshwa futhi zenze isignali ebuthakathaka.Lokhu kwenza kungenzeki ukuthi i-ABS nezinye izinhlelo zisebenze ngesivinini esiphansi futhi kuvame ukuholela emaphutheni.Ngakho-ke, ama-DSA angenzi lutho ohlobo lwe-inductive namuhla avumela asebenzayo athuthuke kakhulu.
Ukudizayina nokusebenza kwezinzwa zesivinini ezisuselwe kusici seHholo
Izinzwa ezisuselwe ezintweni zehholo yizona ezivame kakhulu ngenxa yobulula nokuthembeka kwazo.Asekelwe kumphumela weHholo - ukwenzeka komehluko ongaba khona ophambanayo kukhondatha wendiza obekwe endaweni kazibuthe.Umqhubi onjalo uyipuleti yensimbi yesikwele ebekwe ku-microcircuit (i-Hall integrated circuit), equkethe nokuhlola isifunda se-electronic esikhiqiza isignali yedijithali.Le chip ifakwe kunzwa yesivinini.
Ngokwesakhiwo, i-DSA enesici seHholo ilula: isekelwe ku-microcircuit, ngemuva kwayo kunozibuthe unomphela, futhi i-metal plate-magnetic core ingatholakala nxazonke.Konke lokhu kufakwa ecaleni, ngemuva lapho kukhona isixhumi sikagesi noma umqhubi onesixhumi.Inzwa itholakala ngokuphambene ne-pulse rotor, engenziwa ngesimo segiya lensimbi noma indandatho enezigaba ezidonsa amandla, i-pulse rotor ifakwe ngokuqinile kuhabhu lesondo.
Umgomo wokusebenza kwenzwa yeHholo umi kanje.Umjikelezo ohlanganisiwe weHholo uhlala ukhiqiza isignali yedijithali ngendlela yama-pulses ayisikwele emvamisa ethile.Ekuphumuleni, lesi siginali inefrikhwensi encane noma ayikho ngokuphelele.Ekuqaleni kokuhamba kwemoto, izigaba zamagnetic noma amazinyo e-rotor adlula inzwa, okubandakanya ushintsho lwamanje ku-sensor - lolu shintsho lubhekwa umjikelezo wokuhlola, okhiqiza isignali yokuphuma.Ukuvama kwesiginali ye-pulse kuncike ejubaneni lokujikeleza kwesondo, elisetshenziswa i-anti-lock braking system.
I-DSA yalolu hlobo ayinabo ubungozi bezinzwa zokufakelwa, zikuvumela ukuthi ulinganise ijubane lokujikeleza kwamasondo ngokoqobo ukusuka kumasentimitha okuqala okunyakaza kwemoto, anembile futhi anokwethenjelwa ekusebenzeni.
Ukuklama nokusebenza kwezinzwa zesivinini ze-anisotropic magnetoresistive
Izinzwa zesivinini kazibuthe zisekelwe kumphumela we-anisotropic magnetoresistive, okuwushintsho ekumelaneni kukagesi kwezinto ze-ferromagnetic lapho umumo wazo ushintsha ngokuhlobene nendawo kazibuthe engashintshi.
Isici esibucayi senzwa "ikhekhe lengqimba" lamapuleti amabili noma amane amancane e-permalloy (i-alloy ekhethekile ye-iron-nickel), lapho kusetshenziswa khona abaqhubi bensimbi, behambisa imigqa yamagnetic field ngendlela ethile.Amapuleti nama-conductor abekwe kusekethe edidiyelwe, ephinde ibe nesekhethi yokuhlola ukwenza isignali yokuphumayo.Le chip ifakwe kunzwa ebekwe maqondana ne-pulse rotor - indandatho yepulasitiki enezingxenye ezidonsa uzibuthe.Iringi ifakwe ngokuqinile kuhabhu lamasondo.
Ukusebenza kwezinzwa ze-AMR kubilisa kulokhu okulandelayo.Ekuphumuleni, ukumelana kwamapuleti e-ferromagnetic wenzwa kuhlala kungashintshiwe, ngakho-ke isignali yokuphuma ekhiqizwa umjikelezo ohlanganisiwe nawo awushintshi noma awukho ngokuphelele.Ngenkathi imoto ihamba, izingxenye ezinozibuthe zendandatho ye-pulse zidlula isici senzwa, okuholela oguqukweni oluthile ekuqondeni kwemigqa yamagnetic field.Lokhu kubangela ushintsho ekuphikiseni amapuleti e-permalloy, agadwa yisifunda sokuhlola - ngenxa yalokho, isignali yedijithali ye-pulsed ikhiqizwa ekuphumeni kwenzwa, imvamisa yayo ehambisana nesivinini semoto.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinzwa ze-magnetoresistive zikuvumela ukuthi ulandele ijubane lokujikeleza kwamasondo kuphela, kodwa futhi nesiqondiso sokujikeleza kwazo kanye nomzuzu wokuma.Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-pulse rotor enezigaba zamagnetic: izinzwa aziqapheli kuphela ukuguqulwa kwendlela yamagnetic field, kodwa futhi ukulandelana kokudlula kwezigxobo kazibuthe kudlule isici sokuzwa.
Ama-DSA alolu hlobo anokwethenjelwa kakhulu, ahlinzeka ngokunemba okuphezulu ekulinganiseni isivinini sokujikeleza kwamasondo kanye nokusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinhlelo zokuphepha zezimoto ezisebenzayo.
Umgomo ojwayelekile wokusebenza kwezinzwa zejubane njengengxenye ye-ABS nezinye izinhlelo
Ama-anti-lock braking systems, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinzwa ezifakiwe kuwo, anomgomo ofanayo wokusebenza.Iyunithi yokulawula ye-ABS iqapha isignali evela ezinzwa zejubane futhi iqhathanise nezinkomba ezibalwe ngaphambilini zejubane nokusheshisa kwemoto (lezi zinkomba zihlukile emotweni ngayinye).Uma isignali evela kunzwa kanye nemingcele erekhodwe kuyunithi yokulawula iqondana, isistimu ayisebenzi.Uma isignali evela kuzinzwa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ichezuka kumingcele yokuklama (okungukuthi, amasondo avinjiwe), uhlelo lufakwe ohlelweni lwe-brake, ukuvimbela imiphumela emibi yokuvala amasondo.
Ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokusebenza kwe-anti-lock braking kanye nezinye izinhlelo ezisebenzayo zokuphepha kwezimoto zingatholakala kwezinye izihloko esizeni.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-24-2023