Muchidhiraivho chemotokari dzinenge dzese dzine mavhiri pane zvinhu zvinofambisa simba kubva padhiraivha kuenda kumavhiri - tsvimbo.Zvose pamusoro pematanda ekutungamirira, marudzi avo aripo, dhizaini uye kushandiswa, uyewo nezvechisarudzo chakarurama uye kuchinjwa kwezvikamu izvi - verenga munyaya yakarongwa.
Chii chinonzi steering?
Tsvimbo yekudzora - chinhu chekutyaira kweiyo dhizaini yemotokari ine mavhiri (kunze kwematarakita nemimwe midziyo ine furemu yekutyora);chikamu chakafanana netsvimbo chine bhora rejoint (hinges) inopa kuendeswa kwesimba kubva kumagetsi ekufambisa kusvika kune mavheti ezvibhakera zvinotenderera uye kune zvimwe zvikamu zvechidhiraivho.
Kutungamira kwemotokari dzine mavhiri kwakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvikuru: dhiraivha uye dhiraivha yayo.Iyo dhizaini inodzorwa nedhiraivha, nerubatsiro rwayo simba rinogadzirwa kutsausa mavhiri anofambisa.Simba iri rinopfuudzwa kumavhiri nenzira yekutyaira, inova hurongwa hwetsvimbo nemarevheti akabatanidzwa nemahinji.Chimwe chezvikamu zvikuru zvedhiraivha zvakasiyana munzvimbo, dhizaini uye chinangwa chematanda ekutungamirira.
Mabasa akati wandei anopihwa kune anotungamira tsvimbo:
● Kutumira simba kubva kumagetsi ekufambisa kuenda kune zvikamu zvakabatana zvemotokari uye zvakananga kune zvigadziro zvezvibhakera zvinotenderera;
● Kubata kona yakasarudzwa yekutenderera kwemavhiri pakuita maitiro;
● Kugadziriswa kwekona yekutenderera kwemavhiri anotungamirirwa zvichienderana nechinzvimbo chekufambisa uye zvimwe zvigadziridzo zvegiyo rekutungamirira kazhinji.
Tsvimbo dzinogadzirisa dzinogadzirisa basa rinotarisirwa rekufambisa mauto kubva kumagetsi ekufambisa kuenda kumavhiri anotungamirwa, saka, kana zvikasashanda, zvikamu izvi zvinofanirwa kutsiviwa nekukurumidza.Asi nokuda kwechisarudzo chakanaka chetsvimbo itsva, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise marudzi aripo, magadzirirwo uye maitiro ezvikamu izvi.
Mhando uye kushandiswa kwematanda ekutungamirira
Mhando uye madhayagiramu e trapezoidal steering
Tsvimbo dzekutungamirira dzinogona kukamurwa kuva marudzi akati wandei nechinangwa, kushanda uye mamwe magadzirirwo emhando.
Zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwemashura, kune marudzi maviri:
● Yekutungamirira masisitimu anobva kune honye uye mamwe maitiro ekufambisa uye ane dhiraivha trapezoidal drive;
● Zvekutungamirira masisitimu anobva pane zvidhiraivho zvine vhiri rakananga.
Mune masisitimu emhando yekutanga (ine inotungamira trapezoids), maviri kana matatu tsvimbo anoshandiswa, zvichienderana nerudzi rwekumiswa kweanodzorwa axle uye inotungamira trapeze scheme:
● Paekisesi ine yakarembera yakarembera: tsvimbo mbiri - imwe longitudinal, ichibva painotungamira bipod, uye imwe yakachinjika, yakabatana nemakumbo ezvibhakera zvinotenderera zvemavhiri;
● Paakisi ine yakazvimirira kuturika: tsvimbo nhatu - imwe longitudinal pakati (pakati), akabatana bipod yokutungamirira michina, uye maviri longitudinal divi, akabatana pakati uye kune levers of swivel cams of mavhiri.
Kune zvakare akasiyana e trapezoid pane axle ine yakazvimirira kuturika ine maviri mativi tsvimbo akabatana neinotungamira bipod panzvimbo yepakati.Zvisinei, dhiraivha yechirongwa ichi inowanzoshandiswa mukutungamirira kunobva pamagetsi ekufambisa, ayo anotsanangurwa pasi apa.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mukutungamira trapezoids yeakisi ine yakazvimirira kusimiswa, chokwadi, imwe tsvimbo inoshandiswa inoshandiswa, yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu - inonzi dissected thrust.Kushandiswa kweiyo dissected steering gear inodzivirira kutsauka kwepakarepo kweanotungamira mavhiri kana uchityaira mumigwagwa isina kuenzana nekuda kweamplitudes dzakasiyana dzeoscillation yekurudyi uye kuruboshwe mavhiri.Iyo trapezoid pachayo inogona kuwanikwa pamberi uye kumashure kweaxle yemavhiri, mune yekutanga kesi inonzi kumberi, mune yechipiri - kumashure (saka usafunge kuti "rear steering trapezoid" ndiyo inotungamira drive inowanikwa. paekisero yekumashure yemota).
Mune masisitimu ekufambisa akavakirwa padhiraivha, matanda maviri chete anoshandiswa - kurudyi uye kuruboshwe transverse yekurudyi uye kuruboshwe vhiri vhiri, zvichiteerana.Muchokwadi, inotungamira trapezoid ine dissected longitudinal thrust, ine hinge iri pakati - iyi mhinduro inorerutsa zvakanyanya dhizaini yekutungamirira, ichiwedzera kuvimbika kwayo.Tsvimbo dzemuchina uyu dzinogara dziine dhizaini yakaumbwa, zvikamu zvadzo zvekunze zvinowanzonzi mazano ekutungamirira.
Tsvimbo dzekufambisa dzinogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri zvichienderana nemukana wekuchinja kureba kwavo:
● Zvisingagadziriswi - imwe-chidimbu tsvimbo dzine hurefu hwakapiwa, dzinoshandiswa mumadhiraivha ane mamwe matanda anogadziriswa kana zvimwe zvikamu;
● Kugadziriswa - matanda anoumbwa, ayo, nekuda kwezvimwe zvikamu, anogona kusiyanisa urefu hwawo mukati meimwe miganhu kugadzirisa giya rekutungamirira.
Chekupedzisira, kudhonza kunogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka mazhinji zvinoenderana nekushanda - kumota nemarori, kumota dzine uye dzisina simba rekufambisa, nezvimwe.
Dhizaini yedhizaini
Iyo yakapfava dhizaini ine isingagadzirike tsvimbo - hwaro hwayo igomba kana-yese-simbi tsvimbo yeimwe chimiro (inogona kutwasuka kana kukombama zvinoenderana nemagadzirirwo emota), kune imwe kana magumo ese ane bhora. majoini.Hinges - isingaparadzanisiki, inosanganisira muviri nemunwe webhora uri mukati neshinda yekorona nut uye gomba rakachinjika repini;Hinge inogona kuvharwa nerubber anther kudzivirira kubva kune tsvina nemvura.Pakusundidzira kuchinjika, matemo emunwe emajoini ebhora akarongwa mundege imwechete kana kuderedzwa nekona diki.Pakusundidzira kwelongitudinal, matemo ezvigunwe zvehinges anowanzo perpendicular kune mumwe nemumwe.
Imwe dhizaini yakaomesesa ine zvisingachinjiki zvinochinjika tsvimbo.Mukukurudzira kwakadaro, zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kupihwa:
● Mumatanda emaekisi ane kutsamira akarembera - gomba kana hinji yekubatanidza neinotungamira bipod;
● Mumatanda e-axles ane kusungirirwa kwakasununguka - maburi maviri akaenzana akarongwa kana hinges yekubatanidza nemakumbo emativi;
● Mumatanda emotokari dzine hydrostatic steering (GORU) - bhaketi kana gomba rekubatanidza kune tsvimbo ye hydraulic cylinder YEGORU.
Nekudaro, pamotokari zhinji, trapezoid ine pendulum lever inoshandiswa zvakanyanya - mumasisitimu akadaro, avhareji yekusundirwa pamatipi ayo ine maburi ekuisa pendulum lever uye bipod yekutungamirira.
Madhiri anochinjika anogadziriswa ane zvikamu zviviri zvikuru: tsvimbo pachayo uye chidhiraivho chakabatana nacho.Iyo muromo inogona kushandura nzvimbo yayo maererano nekusundidzira mune imwe nzira kana imwe, iyo inobvumidza iwe kugadzirisa iyo yese kureba kwechikamu.Zvinoenderana nemaitiro ekugadzirisa kusunda, inogona kukamurwa kuva marudzi maviri:
Inogadziriswa dhizaini yedhizaini ine masimbi ekusimbisa
● Kugadziriswa kwetambo nekukiya nekiyi yekiyi;
● Kugadziridzwa neshinda kana telescopic nzira ine fixation ine simbi inosunga.
Muchiitiko chekutanga, muromo une shinda inokwenenzverwa mushinda yekupindura iri kumagumo kwetsvimbo, kana zvakasiyana, uye kugadzirisa kubva ku cranking kunoitwa nekii nati pashinda imwechete.Muchiitiko chechipiri, muromo wacho unogonawo kuputirwa mutsvimbo, kana kungopinzwa mukati mayo, uye kugadzirisa kubva kune cranking kunoitwa nechisimba chinosimbisa pamusoro pekunze kwetsvimbo.Iyo yekusimbisa mbambo inogona kutetepa uye yakasimbiswa nebhaudhi rimwe chete nenut, kana yakafara nekusimbiswa kwemabhaudhi maviri.
Ese madhiraivha ane hinged yekubatanidza kune imwe neimwe uye nezvimwe zvikamu zveiyo inotungamira system - izvi zvinogonesa kushanda kwakajairika kwehurongwa panguva yekukanganisa kunoitika panguva yekufamba kwemotokari.Mapini ebhora anoita sematemo emahinji, anogadzikwa mumakomba ezvikamu zvekusangana nekorona nzungu dzakagadzikwa nemapini.
Tsvimbo dzakagadzirwa nesimbi dzemagiredhi akasiyana-siyana, dzinogona kuve nejasi rekudzivirira muchimiro chependi yakajairwa kana galvanic coating neakasiyana simbi - zinc, chromium nevamwe.
Nzira yekusarudza uye kutsiva tsvimbo yekutungamirira
Tsvimbo dzekutungamirira panguva yekushanda kwemotokari dzinoiswa pasi pemitoro yakakosha, saka inokurumidza kuva isingashandisi.Kazhinji kazhinji, matambudziko anoitika mumajoini ebhora, zvakare matanda ari pasi pe deformation uye kutaridzika kwekutsemuka nekuparadzwa kunotevera kwechikamu.Kusashanda zvakanaka kwetsvimbo kunogona kuratidzwa nekudzokera shure uye kurohwa kwevhiri, kana, zvakasiyana, vhiri rakanyanya kusimba, kugogodza kwakasiyana-siyana paunenge uchityaira, pamwe nekurasikirwa kwekugadzikana kwemotokari (inotungamira kure. )Kana zviratidzo izvi zvikaonekwa, kutungamirira kunofanira kuongororwa, uye kana matambudziko nematanda akaonekwa, anofanira kuchinjwa.
Kuti utsive, iwe unofanirwa kusarudza izvo zvidhiraivho uye matipi akaiswa pamotokari kare - chete nenzira iyi kune zvivimbiso zvekuti chidhiraivho chichashanda nemazvo.Kana dambudziko racho rakangoitika mune rimwe divi tsvimbo kana muromo, saka zviri nani kutsiva zvikamu izvi mupeya, zvikasadaro pane yakanyanya mukana wekudonha kutadza pavhiri rechipiri.
Kutsiviwa kwetsvimbo kunofanira kuitwa maererano nemirayiridzo yekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa motokari.Kazhinji kuvhiyiwa uku kunosvika pakusimudza mota pajeki, kubvisa tsvimbo dzakasakara (izvo zviri nani kushandisa dhizaini yakakosha) nekuisa matsva.Mushure mekugadzirisa, zvinokurudzirwa kugadzirisa camber-convergence.New traction pane dzimwe mota (kunyanya marori) inofanirwa kuzorwa nguva nenguva, asi kazhinji zvikamu izvi hazvidi kugadziridzwa mukati mehupenyu hwesevhisi.
Nechisarudzo chakakodzera uye kutsiva matanda ekufambisa, kutonga kwemotokari kuchave kwakavimbika uye kuvimbwa mune zvese zvekutyaira modes.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-06-2023